Admj Free Essays

3 December 2012 Court Proceedings The best part about criminal systems here in the United States is that criminal respondents have a great deal of assurances and certifications. They have the certifications of fair treatment, equivalent security under the laws, the option to have lawful insight present, the option to stand up to witnesses, the privilege to a jury preliminary, and the option to not affirm against themselves. In the film and, all things considered, we see this constantly. We will compose a custom exposition test on Admj or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now For instance the route fair treatment was depicted in the film was the way that all the data that was against the young men they reserved the privilege to have the archives that had the data against them. All respondents get a similar security paying little mind to the demonstrations they have submitted, in the film the young men reserved the privilege to have a legal advisor, they just couldn’t bear the cost of one so that’s why Billy needed to call his uncle. Facing observers was the specific demonstration that Uncle Vinny did when he was practically out of expectation, he figured out how to cause questions in the jury’s eyes when he gave them that the elderly person was about visually impaired and when the other two men additionally started addressing what they had truly observed. The young men additionally reserved the privilege to preliminary by jury, which just implies that the appointed authority doesn’t convict the litigant, the jury does. The last right respondents have is simply the option to not affirm, in the film that was the main thing the young men shouldn’t have done in light of the fact that immediately they admitted to a wrongdoing that they didn't do. Proceeding onward to a portion of the key focuses and the reason, criminal strategy manages the arrangement of rules which the administration authorizes law. Step by step instructions to refer to Admj, Essay models

Computers in Life :: Essays Papers

PCs in Life A man gets up in the first part of the day to the sound of his computerized morning timer and promptly checks his email. He turns on the TV, which has a V-chip to shield his youngsters from watching what might be brutal. He gets dressed, gets in his vehicle, and drives to work where he fills in as the system head at a nearby steel organization. It is stunning everything this man utilizes in the first part of the day alone that would not be conceivable in the event that it were not for PC innovation. From his morning timer to his email even to the activity that takes care of his tabs it has all been made conceivable by PC related advancements. This is similar with numerous individuals in American culture today. Everything has to do with PCs. The absolute first things that we consider PCs were just calculators. Maybe the main case of this is the math device, referred to in the Orient in any event as ahead of schedule as 600 B.C.(Nunz 517). The math device comprises of an edge with bars that hold globules which relying upon their position speak to an alternate number. It is normally made of wood and the poles that were thought to one time have been made of bamboo. Clients can include, take away, duplicate, and partition simply like present day mini-computer (Fernandes). Everything began with ascertaining machines and has progressed to the quick chip we have today. Individuals use PCs ordinarily in numerous structures from the PC that is in a vehicle to a home PC. PCs have changed regular day to day existence in the manner society drives, conveys, and unwinds. Society has changed due to PC innovation and it will most likely never return. One thing that is imperative to a great many people, particularly here, which as a rule includes a PC, is the vehicle. This is expected for the most part to the absence of viable open transportation in the territory. Vehicles get individuals where they have to go from the shopping center to work and back home once more. For those b lessed enough to have year 2000 model vehicles there are some quite stunning practically cutting edge highlights. One of these is versatile journey control which screens the vehicle before the driver and brakes in like manner. This component is in progressively costly BMWs and the Mercedes-Benz S class (Car Go to the Store... 8). This should make it somewhat simpler for those individuals who need to drive a significant stretch to and from work regular.

Unit 12 – Public Health – Task 1

During the 1800’s the general wellbeing of people in general was incredibly poor, kids and infants were kicking the bucket in their thousands, and grown-ups would work in the most terrible of conditions. Groups of 8 or 9 would live in 1 room where they all rested, ate and washed on the off chance that they had the water to, the sewage was everywhere as there was no legitimate sewage lines, People needed to shower in a similar water they peed in, they additionally needed to drink this filthy water as it was the main water they approached to.The working conditions were far and away more terrible as certain individuals needed to work in uncovered feet when there was sewage covering their toes, there was no wellbeing and security guideline acts so individuals would have mishaps consistently and they would take in the most perilous synthetics while working in enormous manufacturing plants, for example, the cotton plant. Kids as youthful as 8 were in work to win garments and nourish ment for themselves and to have a bed to stay in bed around evening time rather than the waste secured floor. Most families were sent to a work house where they worked 12-14 hour moves so as to pick up garments, food and a bed to stay in bed for the night.The families would be isolated into men, ladies and kids and they would work in various territories of the processing plant doing various employments, for example, parting ropes or breaking rocks, while living in the workhouse every family that were isolated would have no entrance to their relatives and birthday celebrations weren’t even idea about in light of the fact that no births and passings were recorded so the moms and fathers would overlook when they had their kid and the youngster would be too youthful to even think about knowing the date of its birthday.Most individuals would have kicked the bucket in the workhouse since they would be buckled down each day and a few people would have mishaps with the hardware and a s there was no clinical administrations the individuals would pass on of loss of blood or their injuries would get tainted and they would have kicked the bucket of an irresistible sickness. As there was no clinical assistance arbitrary ladies who had no preparation or have no clue about how to convey infants would enable pregnant ladies to bring forth their youngsters and they would utilize a wide range of irregular hardware to cut the umbilical rope and a few ladies even utilized their teeth as there was nothing sharp enough to cut it.During these occasions there were heaps of sicknesses that would create due to the absence of clinical help, clean water and access to appropriate nourishments. The most widely recognized malady was cholera which would kill a house loaded with individuals inside two or three days and it would spread to the following family and kill them or make them sick which would in the end kill them as there was no fix or medication they could get hold so on accou nt of cholera individuals would bite the dust in there thousands as it was an exceptionally frightful disease.A researcher called Edward Chadwick was the principal individual to make an immunization against cholera, he did this by infusing infants and youngsters with a modest quantity of the ailment alongside certain antibodies so the body could create the correct antibodies to battle the sickness and leave the kid with resistance from cholera. The principal demonstration to come to control was the Public Health Act which turned out in 1848. This man called John snow was the main individual to make the association between poor day to day environments, for example, filthy water, and the ascent on disease.After this end immunizations were first made and used to dispose of smallpox. The following demonstration to come into power was the maternity specialists act at in 1902 which accompanied the enlistment of maternity specialists go about too, both of these demonstrations together guar anteed that ladies were prepared in conveying infants and they were put on a register so specialists realized who were maternity specialists so they could send somebody to aid the birth process.Due to this a ton of children were effectively conceived and they remained alive for significantly longer as there was appropriate maternity specialists to help the birth and ensure the umbilical rope was cut accurately utilizing the best possible gear. After this was made the Central leading body of maternity specialists was made, this guaranteed all individuals that were prepared as birthing assistants because of the birthing specialist act was enlisted with the focal board. In 1904 there was an interdepartmental overview on physical decay which was utilized to discover the strength of the population.Shortly after that the instruction demonstration turned out in 1906 which guaranteed that kids go to class and get training, it additionally brought out school suppers where every youngster wou ld get a hot feast and some of the time it will be the main hot dinner they get that day. After that another training demonstration turned out in 1907 this guaranteed schools had clinical administrations which incorporated a nit nurture who might check the youngsters regulary for head lice. The school attendant would likewise be liable for checking the kids for indications of sickness and illness.During that time the notice of births act came out which implied that each child must be enrolled after birth so the legislature can monitor the populace and it additionally was the beginning of the wellbeing visiting administration, this was made in light of the fact that the administration had no clue what number of births and passings there were so they couldn’t plan clinical medicines or manufacture emergency clinics. So this was made so the legislature can monitor ow the populace was developing and what level of individuals were biting the dust so they could attempt to fix the i ssues individuals were having. In 1911 the national protection act came out which gave laborers medical coverage this would be paid for by the administration taking a portion of their cash from their checks. After seven years the crisis clinical administrations act came in to control in 1918, this implied there was a crisis administration for individuals who need earnest clinical consideration, this was the beginning of appropriate clinical care.This came out on the grounds that individuals who were in wold war one required crisis care in the wake of being assaulted. They required crisis care to ensure the fighters were taken care of appropriately and wounds were checked and appropriately treated to stop them getting tainted and to stop officers kicking the bucket. Following a couple of years another crisis clinical assistance act turned out in 1940, this was acquainted due with the war since individuals were getting harmed and required earnest clinical consideration, so it was acqu ainted with assistance the warriors in need.After that was instituted the country wellbeing administration was conceived. In 1942 the country wellbeing administration was acquainted with give individuals free human services and free wellbeing administrations, for example, dentistry. These administrations were allowed to anyone which implied that medical issues could be managed appropriately. Specialists medical procedures where worked in many regions so individuals had a spot to go, clinics were additionally worked in most bustling regions around the nation so individuals had a spot to go when they had a crisis or in the event that they expected to see an expert doctor.In 1991 the national wellbeing administration and network care act came out, this implied there was all the more free specialists, all the more free emergency clinics around the nation and there was new self-solutions for treat issues, for instance individuals utilized salt sacks to treat ear hurt and earthy colored p aper and goose fat to treat chest diseases. During the twentieth century there were various papers/reports that came out which talked about what should have been done and what is being done to enable the nation to become healthier.The first report to come out was a report about justifying, this was significant on the grounds that the nation was in World War 2. The report was made to tell individuals that consistently or one day seven days they would be capable gather certain food things and certain loads or amounts, this at that point made individuals more advantageous on the grounds that they had what they expected to have a fair eating routine and they weren’t permitted any extraordinary food which will make them unfortunate, it additionally permitted every individual to have similar nourishments so they were all ready to keep sound and they had the option to control how the country te, which would make them more beneficial and halting a portion of the medical issues they w ere confronting, for example, ailing health. After that the Beveridge report turned out in 1942 which concluded that there ought to be free medicinal services for everyone. This implied the common laborers needed to pay charges for the country to get the free medicinal services. From the start there was free social insurance, free dental consideration and free glasses to everybody who required them however sooner or later the administration chose to put charged on dental consideration and glasses since they couldn’t stand to pay them.In 1980 the dark report came out which was a paper focused on the distinctions in death rates and there was information on bleakness and wellbeing in a progressively positive point of view. In 1998 the Acheson report came out which clarified that there were natural factors that added to the strength of individuals, for instance the moist day to day environments of the lower class can make their youngsters create asthma.After that in 1999 there wa s a paper discharged called Our Healthier Nation, which clarified that there was an ascent in malignancies, helps, infection and emotional wellness issues because of the earth, the paper likewise had proposals the legislature could do to diminish the ascent of individuals who have malady, diseases and psychological wellness issues. In 2004 a paper came out which was called picking wellbeing and settling on more advantageous decisions which discussed individuals settling on more beneficial decisions in food, eliminating drinking and it likewise urged individuals to turn out to be increasingly free in being healthier.There has been a great deal of changes in enactment identifying with the strength of the country on the grounds that throughout the years the soundness of individuals has changed and the ailments they are treating now are a ton diverse to what they are currently, for instance, thinking back to the 1900’s the legislature needed to manage the death pace of infants an d little youngsters, however now the administration are chipping away at keeping the old and grown-ups solid and disposing of diseases and other disorders.In the 1800’s the strength of the country was truly poor on the grounds that the day to day environments were awful and there was no clinical treatment or help accessible such a large number of individuals

Should Puerto Rico be the 51st state - Free Essay Example

Introduction Basing on the recent information concerning the future of Puerto Rico, the citizens are in the process of convincing the U.S Congress to identify Puerto Rico as one of the actual states through voting. The Puerto Ricans have their own reason as to why they should be recognized by the U.S Congress as the Free State. Some of them are championing to have great independence while others want to proceed with the existing colonial relationship today. Personal opinion Basing keenly on the political status of Puerto Rico, I decline to support the move for it to be given the mandate of governing themselves. First, Puerto Rico has not redeemed itself from the debt crisis of more than $ 120 billion. In addition to the debt, it has unsolved pension obligations. According to Gov Ricardo Rosselo’ speech on the day of inauguration, Puerto Rico concerning the faced crisis, they cannot be able to overcome the crisis under the colonial condition. However, he ought to have uttered the words after a critical analysis of both the economic and the political status of the state (Sofia, 2). Besides, majority of the citizens have already projected that the U.S Congress may not be able to compromise by granting the voters with their wishes. Many of them argue that it will be meaningless for them to spend $ 8 million to facilitate the voting process. Therefore, a good reason for some of them to boycott the election. According to Juan Collazo sentiments to the Guardian, the Congress will not notice the efforts of the voters. Basing on his opinion, the situation might provide a perfect opportunity for the Congress to divide and conquer them further. However, the Gov using the data which has not been approved states that a good number the citizens are in the verge of demanding for the equal rights as the American Citizens Nevertheless, it had been expected that 90% who had earlier favored the statehood only gave out a 23% voter turnout after the successful boycotts initiated by the opposing parties. On the other hand, the U.S Congress cannot just wake up and make a decision that concerns that changing of the Commonwealth status. The Congress has to be given a concrete prove that the political and the economic status of Puerto Rico are satisfying. For instance, the U.S Congress will have to pass the statute that lays down the transition process (Sofia, 2) As state under the U.S umbrella, Puerto Rico enjoys military support and funding supports in major projects.  Ã‚   Therefore, it is not the right time for it to champion for independence. Out of all the options such as remaining a commonwealth, becoming a free state and getting the independence, the best option is to remain a commonwealth. Nevertheless, Puerto Rico may still get the military support and funding if only the two foreign states agree. Therefore, the idea introduces uncertainty in the future. Also, the voting process had some compromising elements that never indicated the true picture about the future of Puerto Rico. Some of these elements made the opposition parties to term the whole process as a rigging one. For example, the ballot boxes never had the options that could have made the citizens to enjoy their rights. The ballot never indicated the current Puerto Rico’s commonwealth status. The ballot is believed to have had only one option which is the statehood or free association. According to the agreement, for the Puerto Ricans to enjoy the full citizenship as other American citizens then the ballot should have included the commonwealth option. Therefore, the situation puts Puerto Rico at risk. Basing on the 2012 voting turnout of 1.8 million, the recent turnout was so minimal. Only 23% of the eligible voters participated in the voting process. Considering the commissions analysis concerning the turnout, 300,000 less people participated in the voting as compared to 2012. However, the governor argued that the number was 1.6 million or 33%. The two contradicting figures introduce a doubt as to whether even the citizens are ready to adopt the statehood government. In other way, I believe it is the governor’s initiative to push for Puerto Rico to attain independence to realize his benefits. The citizens might not enjoy what they term as the independence since the state is not economically stable. Besides, the Puerto Ricans have not been neglected by the American government. In fact, the island has an added advantage of getting the financial aid. Basing on history, (Mathews Bradley 1) points out that for many years Puerto Rico has voted for leftist liberal leadership. However, rampant failure in various sectors such as education system, local government, and economy at large. Allowing Puerto Rico to be one of the U.S state may bring the economy of the U.S down. For those who have happened to visit the coast lines of Puerto Rico will agree with me that the environment is very filth with garbage and sewage everywhere in the street. Some of the best hotels have rest rooms without running water, soap and towels. This is a good evidence that indeed Puerto Rico is doing badly in terms of economy and therefore they should continue getting the U.S support until they are economically stable. Also in the streets, crime is the order of the day. The crime spirit of the Island made Oscar Lopez Rivera an ex convict of domestic terror to be appointed as the guest of honor at the NYC annual Puerto Rico day. Considering the security threats t hat might be posed by Puerto Rico on U.S, it should not be granted the statehood. Opinion from the interview with Isaac Lausel However basing on the interview carried on one of the citizens of Puerto Rico, Isaac Lausel to be precise was of an opinion that Puerto Rico ought to get over the American Colonial rule. Basing on the question as to whether the island should rule itself. The interviewee had these to say. â€Å"Puerto Rico should be given its freedom and be freed from these colonial rule. First, some of the Puerto Ricans have lost their lives in the battlefields. Most of the male have served in the military and have found themselves in the combat most of the time to defend the America as a whole. More so, the financial problem facing Puerto Rico has resulted from the colonial status. Puerto Rico has been prohibited from delivering goods to the Island therefore giving America the monopoly of shipping goods hence harvesting the profits† he continued. Furthermore, the interviewee had these to add, â€Å"The cost of the vehicle has gone to more that 40% in the Island due to Americans shipping processes. Earlier, the Pharmaceutical companies operated at a good incentive until it was eradicated by the Republican Congress therefore forcing some of the Pharmaceutical companies to close up while others relocating to China. Corruption has continued to be the talk of the day because the citizens cannot find the opportunity to get help from the Congress to reduce or fight the corrupt U.S and Puerto Rico officials. Despite granting Puerto Rico with independence, the U.S government should also compensate the Island from grabbing it from Spain and causing health problems to the Puerto Ricans by testing their weapons and ammunitions on the Island. The U.S government has caused more harm than good to the citizens of Puerto Rico. For example, Puerto Rican women were once subjected to mass sterilization by the U.S. the children were never left b ehind in the scientific experiments that affected their health. Moreover, the Puerto Rican men have lost their lives in most of the American wars. Americans have also killed the Puerto Rico’s economy by devaluation of the by 40% subjecting majority of the citizens to poverty. In addition, many of the Puerto Ricans have lost their lives in the hands of the Americans. For example, the Ponce massacre in 1937 left many dead while suffered severe injuries†. These were all the sentiments from Isaac Lausel in his move to support the statehood of Puerto Rico.

Describe How Napoleon Became Dictator of Animal Farm and...

Napoleon was a pig in more than one sense. Words that you associate with pigs are not often pleasant. ‘Pig referring to one who is greedy and has more than their fair share; ‘pig headed refers to one who is extremely stubborn and thinks they are always right; ‘the pigs refer to police, or other figures of authority. Napoleon became dictator of Animal Farm merely due to the fact that he was a pig, and had the simplest of leadership skills. He maintained that power by propaganda and running the farm in a fascist, totalitarian manner. Violence, propaganda and the general ignorance of the other farm animals were major roles in keeping Napoleon in power. Power naturally fell to the pigs not because they had earned it, or were the best†¦show more content†¦Ã‚‘Â…you would not rob us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back? (p.46). Much like Australias situation with boat people and declaring islands not part of Australia, so the refugees cant gain access to citizen rights, the Laws of Animalism changed with the Pigs will. Manipulation and twisting of words and laws meant that the Pigs were never in the wrong. ‘Squealer always spoke of it as a ‘readjustment, never as a ‘reduction. (p.75). Not only was propaganda used as a means to keep society repressed, but also violence and intimidation through subtle and constant threats ‘Surely you do not wish to see Jones back?, and fear of the repercussions if you were found to be betraying the revolution. Napoleon ran Animal Farm like any other dictator would, as a totali tarian state. It was manipulation, using others and his personal credibility that got Napoleon into his position as dictator of Animal Farm. Violence, propaganda, and the willingness of the other farm animals were major factors supporting his reign. Whilst ignorance at some point turned to stupidity, you cannot blame the other animals for wanting to turn a blind eye and go with popular public opinion, rather than voice their opinions and be killed for it. Lastly, it was Napoleons personalShow MoreRelatedInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesconstraints on economic actors, and shape economic outcomes. As such, they are social decisions, chosen for their consequences. Because different groups and individuals typically benefit from different economic institutions, there is generally a conflict over these social choices, ultimately resolved in favor of groups with greater political power. The distribution of political power in society is i n turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocateRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesdemarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008)

Is The Human Condition - 919 Words

I found that this picture is a good representation to describe the Human Condition because it shows many things related to anthropology, sociology, and psychology. This image shows a boy by himself while 3 other kids are making fun of him. Bullying is a major topic that relates to the Human Condition. This issue affects peoples minds, behaviour, attitude, and emotions in a harsh, negative way. Almost everyone in the world go through some sort of bullying whether it cyber, physical, social or verbal. In this picture, the small boy is the victim meanwhile the 3 other kids are the bullies. How does the image relate to anthropology? Humans are adapted to our urbanized world and follow everything in a modernized path where we use technology for many things. People bully because they are influenced by their parents or seen someone do it. Bullying is not only an issue in our country but it is widely spread where it has begun years ago. It began once humans adapted to newer environments, and where we worked in packs more efficiently than other hominids allowing humans to take on new ideas and grow large. As our world got more developed, human minds adapted to the new society and soon introduced bullying in schools. How does this image relate to psychology? The young boy in the picture is first of all being avoided by a group of friends. The boy may or may not be the new kid but these 3 bullies are talking about him and making fun of him. This relates to psychology and theShow MoreRelatedThe Human Condition Of Humans1504 Words   |  7 PagesNegative or Positive Humans are a strange species in general because of the way they handle the conflict also the way life is presented and dealt with. Many things make humans out to be a certain way but the literature that many writers have used to describe humans is even stranger. 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Governmental Techniques In The Ancient World Essay Example For Students

Governmental Techniques In The Ancient World Essay Throughout history, many techniques have been used for organizing society. Experimentation with different styles primarily took place in the ancient Mediterranean world. Athenian democracy, Hebrew temple state, Hellenic city-states, Hellenistic kingdoms, the Roman Republic, and the Christian Roman Empire were all major forms of governance, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. To determine which of these forms was successful, it is impotent to look at each forms chronological development. Hebrew State OriginThe Hebrew State began as a loose confederation of twelve tribes. A tribes elders ruled it, and while there was intermarriage between tribes, there was no real political connection. They shared common religion, language and culture, however they did not owe allegiance to one ruler. The roots of the Hebrew tribes lay in myth. Jacob, a patriarch of Judaism, is said to have had twelve sons, each of whom begot a tribe of people. Taking into account the legendary characteristics of each son, each tribe had specific traits. For example, the tribe of Levy were the priests of the Jews. They owned no land, and survived on the tithes of the people. The tribe of Dan were a seafaring people; their ancestral land lay on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. These twelve groups of people were by no means one nation, they raided each other occasionally, and there were often disputes as to boundaries and land rights. In the eleventh century B.C.E., an outside threat, eminent invasion by the Philistines, drove the Hebrews to formalize their tribal ties under one leader, Saul. With the defeat of the Philistines, Saul managed to keep control over the tribes, unifying them for his successor, the warrior-poet David. Saul and David had forged the beginnings of a kingdom that would see its true glory in the tenth century B.C.E., under Davids son Solomon. Under Solomon, the Temple State truly emerged. Until now, there were two main reasons the Hebrews had stayed together: outside threats, and monotheistic belief in Yahweh. Monotheism as a StateSolomon, the most powerful king of the Hebrews shared their belief in monotheism or belief in one god above all others. The Hebrews were the first people known to believe in the existence of a single, omnipotent god. Their religion was dominant in their lives, as they had rules and regulations for every conceivable situation. The Torah, their holy works, was very specific in the manner in which their lives were conducted. With the rigidity of their religion, it was relatively easy for Solomon to secure his power base in Israel. He built a lavish central temple in his capital, Jerusalem, and secured control over the dominant class, the Levies, or priests. With the new City of God, Solomon ushered in a period of peace and prosperity for the kingdom of Israel. The Fall of the Hebrew StateAs is often the case when a state is control by a strong personality, the Hebrew States glory was short lived. With Solomons death, succession problems and favoritism tore the realm apart. Ten of the original twelve tribes organized their own state, called Israel. Israel fell to Assyrian invaders 200 years later. The dispersion of the tribes to various parts of the Assyrian Empire led to their assimilation. They were subsequently labeled The Lost Tribes.The remaining two tribes, Judah, Solomons tribe, and Levy, the priests, formed the significantly smaller state of Judah. In 586 B.C.E., 386 years after the death of Solomon, Judah fell to the Chaldeans. The Chaldeans deported the Jews to Babylon, and thus the Jews lost their statehood. Strengths and WeaknessesIsraels primary strength lay in her peoples religion. The monotheistic Jews were a people apart from the world. Nowhere else, at the time, did people worship a single god. They were distinct from the world, and that difference unified them. Unfortunately for the Jews, their monotheism also affected their view of government. They looked to Solomon almost as a representative of their God, with his death; they were without their real leader. While he lived the Jews were strong and prosperous; without him they were divided by petty problems. Child Abuse EssayBy the close of the third century B.C.E. the commoners, or plebians, had won some measure of governmental control form the patricians. Theoretically, the plebians could check the patrician rule through there own Tribunal Assembly. Plebians could win any governmental office, intermarry with patricians, and were no longer sold into slavery to pay off debt. In aculeate, Rome was still an oligarchy, ruled by a select few of the patrician class. Rome, led by the oligarchy, embarked on a series of conquests that led to the complete Roman domination of Italy. With a much larger land and population base, Rome became a major world power. After a series of reactive wars with the North African city-state Carthage, the Roman Republic was the greatest power in the western Mediterranean. For defensive reasons, Rome seized the Antigonid kingdom of Macedon and Greece. Eventually, Rome conquered all of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the interest of state security. This meteoric expansion, completed around 146 B.C.E., was the ultimate downfall of the Roman Republic. Several leaders attempted to thwart the senatorial process and gain personal power for themselves, for a wide variety of reasons. Finally in 49 B.C.E., Julius Caesar was appointed dictator, or absolute ruler. Caesar began to consolidate his rule, making government less dependant on provincial governors, establishing a public works program, and assisting the poor and landless. Strengths of the Roman RepublicThe Roman Republics primary strength lay in its citizens. Its armies were comprised of Roman men, fighting to protect their home. Its government was Roman men who felt that they had a direct effect on everyday life. Despite the control of the oligarchy, and ultimately the dictator Caesar, Romans felt responsible for themselves and their state. The only real weakness of the Roman Republic was its inability to govern without the immediate threat of invasion. Without that threat, class divisions were felt most harshly. As long as they had a common goal, patrician and plebian could work together. The Christian Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire replaced the Roman Republic with the assassination of Julius Caesar. Caesars adopted nephew, Octavian became the first Roman Emperor. Octavian further solidified the centrality of Roman rule, making the emperor the focus of the government. With further expansion, however, the Empire grew much less controllable. One man in Rome could not successfully orchestrate the daily tasks of such a huge state. Provincial governors regained some element of rule, weakening the Roman state. Christianity did not have a profound impact on the Roman rule. If anything Roman rule had a profound impact on Christianity. Christianity expanded along Roman lines of power from an upstart Jewish sect, to a world power all its own. The Empire died, but Christianity still flourishes today. Strengths of the Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire was able to rule more efficiently than the Roman republic, with only one real ruler, his word was law. The Senate remained, but purely as a figurehead position. Even as the Empire brought about stability it contributed to the dry rotting from within. The corruption that spread throughout the bureaucracy, the increasing dependence on mercenary soldiers and the rampaging hordes of barbarian tribes proved to be too much for the Empire to withstand. Characteristics of SuccessFor a system of government to labeled a success, it must meet two major requirements: it must administrate its territory effectively until the accepted end of its dynasty, and it must be able to withstand more than one generation of citizens. Of the civilizations reviewed, only Athens, Sparta and Rome fit the characteristics of a successful government.